Antimony trioxide is the main derivative of antimony metal. The metal is mined most often in China, Bolivia, Russia, and South Africa. The oxide derivative can be used in many different industries including the flame retardant industry as a synergist, the plastic manufacturing industry as a catalyst, the glass industry as a clarifying agent, and in porcelain and enamel as an opacifier or white pigment.

When you want to flame retard something the most common additives for doing so is a halogenated compound in combination with a synergist. The halogenated compound alone will provide flammability protection, but the presence of the synergist allows you to use much less halogenated product. You can use approximately half as much halogen if you also use an antimony synergist.

The use of antimony as a flame retardant synergist is very widespread. A wide variety of industries use it including plastics, textiles, paint, rubber, and paper. The most common materials that include a halogenated flame retardant and an antimony synergist are polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber (EPDM), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene (PE), polyurethanes, epoxies, and phenolics.

Oxide is usually sold in powder form in multi-walled paper bags. This is similar to the way halogenated flame-retardants are sold. But, a few select companies will sell liquid dispersions that mix the two together in the appropriate ratios for your material and process.

The polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate or PET requires a catalyst and one of the best choices for that job is high purity antimony trioxide. This manufacturing practice requires a more pure grade of antimony trioxide than flame-retardants. While there are other catalysts that are more efficient; antimony is still the best choice because of its optimal cost/performance ratio.

The most prevalent use of PET is in the manufacture of water bottles and other liquid containers. Many studies have shown that the toxicity of antimony trioxide is very low, but there are still some concerns about the possible migration of antimony into the liquids held in PET bottles. While the migration does happen, the concentration of antimony present is well below the threshold for concern.

Another, less predominant use for antimony trioxide is as a clarifying agent for glass. The clarifying agent is added during the meltdown process and will help to remove any bubbles, inclusions, or unwanted color from the glass. Clarifying agents are what makes glass clear. The natural impurities in sand will make glass light blue or light green if no clarifying agents are added. Antimony trioxide is a good choice because some of the other common clarifying agents will cause the glass to tint. For example, manganese oxide will eventually react with ultraviolet light to turn the glass purple.

Because of its color, white, antimony can also be used as a pigment. One industry that utilizes it this way is the porcelain and enamel industry. Here, the antimony is used as an opacifier in very specific instances. As you can see, the uses of antimony are quite varied and many industries utilize this unique chemical compound.

The most prevalent sources of antimony metal are in China, Bolivia, Russia, and South Africa. The main derivative of antimony metal is antimony trioxide or antimony oxide. The main use for antimony oxide is as a flame retardant synergist. However, there are other uses including as a catalyst, a clarifying agent, an opacifier, or a white pigment.

A flame retardant synergist is exactly what it sounds like. The synergist works in synergy with a halogenated flame retardant. The synergist allows for the user to add much less flame retardant than they normally would half to do. You can get the same amount of protection from flammability from about half as much halogenated product if you add a small amount of synergist.

To date, the best combination for a flame retardant is the halogen/antimony combination. That is why it is used in so many materials including but not limited to polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyethylene (PE), propylene diene M-class rubber (EPDM, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), phenolics, polyurethanes, and epoxies.

Antimony trioxide is typically sold in multi-walled paper bags in powder form. The halogenated product is usually provided in a similar manner. This method of packaging causes a lot of dusting so there is an alternative. Some companies will make a specialized liquid dispersion using whatever medium you desire with the halogenated product and antimony trioxide in whatever ratio suits your process the best.

The polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate or PET requires a catalyst and one of the best choices for that job is high purity antimony trioxide. This manufacturing practice requires a more pure grade of antimony trioxide than flame-retardants. While there are other catalysts that are more efficient; antimony is still the best choice because of its optimal cost/performance ratio.

The most prevalent use of PET is in the manufacture of water bottles and other liquid containers. Many studies have shown that the toxicity of antimony trioxide is very low, but there are still some concerns about the possible migration of antimony into the liquids held in PET bottles. While the migration does happen, the concentration of antimony present is well below the threshold for concern.

The glass industry is another place you will find antimony trioxide being used. Trivalent antimony oxide is used as a clarifying agent. The clarifying agent is added during the meltdown part of the glass making process. The agent will help to eliminate bubbles and inclusions. It also is what makes the glass clear. If you didn’t add any clarifying agent then the natural impurities in sand would make glass appear light blue or light green in color. Antimony trioxide unlike other clarifying agents does not cause any coloration at any time. Manganese oxide will make the glass clear initially, but exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun will cause the manganese to react and turn the glass purple.

Antimony trioxide is a white crystalline powder. Because of its color, one last application is as a pigment or opacifier for porcelain and enamel. This is a very small part of the market share for antimony trioxide, but you can see how varied the industries that use antimony can be.

The great elixir, alcohol, has come to be many things to many people. For most it is a beverage meant to dull the edges of a hard day or make festive a gathering of friends and family. Alcohol has been banned, celebrated, and reviled, but it has also been a key component in scientific circles. Also known as absolute ethyl alcohol or ethanol, alcohol is a colorless, flammable liquid often used for sanitizing or cleaning. It has also been used extensively as an effective transporter of odors ad scents and has been featured in perfumes, colognes, paints, hand creams, inks, and even explosives.

Alcohol has been used since man first distilled gains and vegetables. Traces of alcohol have been found in pottery dating back 9,000 years, suggesting Neolithic peoples were ingesting it far before recorded history. The Persian alchemist, Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, was the first to record its isolation as a compound sometime in the 8th or 9th Century. Approximately 1,000 years later Archibald Scott Couper would publish the structural formula for ethanol.

Alcohol is the product of a fusion of a carbon of the methyl group and a carbon of a methylene group to an oxygen molecule of a hydroxyl group. Its molecular formula for ethanol is C2H5OH. For those of you who are more scientifically or chemically inclined, ethanol is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether.

Ethanol was used as lamp fuel and even fuel for automobiles, in the United States, until the enactment of Prohibition in 1920. As a fuel source it would be disregarded until late in the 20th century as the new demand for bio-fuels increased. As the key component of alcoholic beverages and spirits, it has, of course, endured.

As absolute alcohol, not to be confused with the vodka of the same name, ethanol has been the longest used recreational drug in human history. Though it has been used as a means of ceremonial and spiritual communion, alcohol is first and foremost a drug. Indeed, there are numerous industrial and medical uses for the compound, but it seems forever fused into the human experience as a drug.